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1,209 | # Area
## Area formulas {#area_formulas}
### General formulas {#general_formulas}
#### Areas of 2-dimensional figures {#areas_of_2_dimensional_figures}
- A triangle: $\tfrac12Bh$ (where *B* is any side, and *h* is the distance from the line on which *B* lies to the other vertex of the triangle). This formula can b... | 860 | Area | 4 |
1,209 | # Area
## Area formulas {#area_formulas}
### List of formulas {#list_of_formulas}
+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Shape | Formula ... | 797 | Area | 5 |
1,209 | # Area
## Optimization
Given a wire contour, the surface of least area spanning (\"filling\") it is a minimal surface. Familiar examples include soap bubbles.
The question of the filling area of the Riemannian circle remains open.
The circle has the largest area of any two-dimensional object having the same perimet... | 179 | Area | 6 |
1,223 | # Telecommunications in Anguilla
This article is about communications systems in Anguilla.
## Telephone
**Telephones -- main lines in use:** 6,200 (2002)
: *country comparison to the world:* 212
**Telephones -- mobile cellular:** 1,800 (2002)
: *country comparison to the world:* 211
**Telephone system:**\
*D... | 363 | Telecommunications in Anguilla | 0 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
\[[coins denarius Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius.jpg\|upright=1.35\|thumb\|Denarius, struck 140 AD with portrait of Antoninus Pius (obverse) and his adoptive son Marcus Aurelius (reverse). Inscription: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P. P., TR. P., CO\[N](File:Roman)S. III / AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. CO\[N\]S.\]\... | 467 | Antoninus Pius | 0 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Early life {#early_life}
### Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Some time between 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder. They are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage. Faustina was the daughter of consul Marcus Annius Verus (II) and Rupilia Faustina (ofte... | 612 | Antoninus Pius | 1 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Emperor
On his accession, Antoninus\'s name and style became *Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus*. One of his first acts as emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused; his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant th... | 1,190 | Antoninus Pius | 2 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Emperor
### Economy and administration {#economy_and_administration}
Antoninus was regarded as a skilled administrator and builder. Despite an extensive building directive---the free access of the people of Rome to drinking water was expanded with the construction of aqueducts, not only in Rome bu... | 436 | Antoninus Pius | 3 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Emperor
### Legal reforms {#legal_reforms}
Antoninus tried to portray himself as a magistrate of the *res publica*, no matter how extended and ill-defined his competencies were. He is credited with splitting the imperial treasury, the fiscus. This splitting had to do with the division of imperial ... | 1,336 | Antoninus Pius | 4 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
In 156, Antoninus Pius turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions.
Marcus Aurelius had already been created consul with Antoninu... | 591 | Antoninus Pius | 5 |
1,256 | # Antoninus Pius
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
### Historiography
The only intact account of his life handed down to us is that of the *Augustan History*, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound; for instance, it is the only s... | 570 | Antoninus Pius | 6 |
1,264 | # Anisotropy
thumb\|upright=1.36\|WMAP image of the tiny anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation **Anisotropy** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ae|n|aɪ|ˈ|s|ɒ|t|r|ə|p|i|,_|ˌ|æ|n|ɪ|-}}`{=mediawiki}) is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. An anisotropic object or pat... | 1,048 | Anisotropy | 0 |
1,264 | # Anisotropy
## Fields of interest {#fields_of_interest}
### Materials science and engineering {#materials_science_and_engineering}
Anisotropy, in materials science, is a material\'s directional dependence of a physical property. This is a critical consideration for materials selection in engineering applications. A ... | 894 | Anisotropy | 1 |
1,264 | # Anisotropy
## Fields of interest {#fields_of_interest}
### Remote sensing and radiative transfer modeling {#remote_sensing_and_radiative_transfer_modeling}
Radiance fields (see Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)) from a reflective surface are often not isotropic in nature. This makes calculation... | 173 | Anisotropy | 2 |
1,274 | # Geography of Antarctica
The **geography of Antarctica** is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth\'s southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is washed by the Southern (or Antarc... | 319 | Geography of Antarctica | 0 |
1,274 | # Geography of Antarctica
## Volcanoes
Volcanic activity occurring beneath glacial ice sheets is known as glaciovolcanism. An article published in 2017 claims that researchers from the University of Edinburgh discovered 91 new volcanoes below the Antarctic ice sheet, adding to the 47 volcanoes that were already known... | 1,041 | Geography of Antarctica | 1 |
1,274 | # Geography of Antarctica
## West Antarctica {#west_antarctica}
West Antarctica is the smaller part of the continent, (50° -- 180°W), divided into:
### Areas
- Antarctic Peninsula (55° -- 75°W)
- Graham Land
- Palmer Land
- Queen Elizabeth Land (20°W -- 80°W)
- Ellsworth Land (79°45\' -- 103°24\'W... | 459 | Geography of Antarctica | 2 |
1,285 | # Geography of Alabama
The **geography of Alabama** describes a state in the Southeastern United States in North America. It extends from high mountains to low valleys and sandy beaches. Alabama is 30th in size and borders four U.S. states: Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida. It also borders the Gulf of Mexi... | 699 | Geography of Alabama | 0 |
1,285 | # Geography of Alabama
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
The fauna and flora of Alabama are similar to those of the Gulf states in general and have no distinctive characteristics. However, the Mobile River system has a high incidence of endemism among freshwater mollusks and biodiversity is high.
In Alabama, vas... | 328 | Geography of Alabama | 1 |
1,285 | # Geography of Alabama
## Climate and soil {#climate_and_soil}
The climate of Alabama is humid subtropical.
The heat of summer is tempered in the south by the winds from the Gulf of Mexico, and in the north by the elevation above the sea. The average annual temperature is highest in the southwest along the coast, an... | 689 | Geography of Alabama | 2 |
1,285 | # Geography of Alabama
## Public lands {#public_lands}
Alabama includes several types of public use lands. These include four national forests and one national preserve within state borders that provide over 25% of the state\'s public recreation land.
- land regions
- Alabama State Parks
- Alabama Public Fishi... | 84 | Geography of Alabama | 3 |
1,301 | # Abbess
An **abbess** (Latin: *abbatissa*) is the female superior of a community of nuns in an abbey.
## Description
In the Catholic Church (both the Latin Church and Eastern Catholic), Eastern Orthodox, Coptic, Lutheran and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess corresp... | 1,035 | Abbess | 0 |
1,301 | # Abbess
## History
Historically, in some Celtic monasteries, abbesses presided over joint-houses of monks and nuns, the most famous example being Saint Brigid of Kildare\'s leadership in the founding of the monastery at Kildare in Ireland. This custom accompanied Celtic monastic missions to France, Spain, and even t... | 331 | Abbess | 1 |
1,301 | # Abbess
## Abbas placename {#abbas_placename}
The word \'Abbas\' is used as part of a place name (for example, the English villages of Compton Abbas and Milton Abbas). The name usually relates to land previously owned by an abbess | 39 | Abbess | 2 |
1,303 | # Abdominal surgery
The term **abdominal surgery** broadly covers surgical procedures that involve opening the abdomen (laparotomy). Surgery of each abdominal organ is dealt with separately in connection with the description of that organ (see stomach, kidney, liver, etc.) Diseases affecting the abdominal cavity are d... | 299 | Abdominal surgery | 0 |
1,303 | # Abdominal surgery
## Complications
Complications of abdominal surgery include, but are not limited to:
- Adhesions (also called scar tissue): complications of postoperative adhesion formation are frequent, they have a large negative effect on patients' health, and increase workload in clinical practice
- Bleed... | 424 | Abdominal surgery | 1 |
1,305 | # Abensberg
**Abensberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaːbənsˌbɛʁk|-|De-Abensberg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the Lower Bavarian district of Kelheim, in Bavaria, Germany, lying around 30 km southwest of Regensburg, 40 km east of Ingolstadt, 50 km northwest of Landshut and 100 km north of Munich. It is situated on the river Abens,... | 1,031 | Abensberg | 0 |
1,305 | # Abensberg
## History
### Twinning
- Parga, Greece since 1986
- Lonigo, Italy since 1999
- Saint-Gilles, Gard, France since 2016
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
The area around Abensberg, the so-called sand belt between Siegburg, Neustadt an der Donau, Abensberg and Langquaid, is ... | 190 | Abensberg | 1 |
1,305 | # Abensberg
## Public facilities {#public_facilities}
### Schools
Abensberg has two Grundschulen (primary school) and Mittelschule (open admission secondary school), and the Johann-Turmair-Realschule (secondary modern school). There is also a College of Agriculture and Home Economics. Since 2007, the Kelheim Berufss... | 732 | Abensberg | 2 |
1,309 | # Almost all
In mathematics, the term \"**almost all**\" means \"all but a negligible quantity\". More precisely, if $X$ is a set, \"almost all elements of $X$\" means \"all elements of $X$ but those in a negligible subset of $X$\". The meaning of \"negligible\" depends on the mathematical context; for instance, it ca... | 985 | Almost all | 0 |
1,309 | # Almost all
## Meanings in different areas of mathematics {#meanings_in_different_areas_of_mathematics}
### Meaning in topology {#meaning_in_topology}
In topology`{{r|Oxtoby}}`{=mediawiki} and especially dynamical systems theory`{{r|Baratchart|Broer|Sharkovsky}}`{=mediawiki} (including applications in economics),`{{... | 198 | Almost all | 1 |
1,313 | # Aromatic compound
**Aromatic compounds** or **arenes** are organic compounds \"with a chemistry typified by benzene\" and \"cyclically conjugated.\" The word \"aromatic\" originates from the past grouping of molecules based on odor, before their general chemical properties were understood. The current definition of ... | 528 | Aromatic compound | 0 |
1,313 | # Aromatic compound
## Benzene and derivatives of benzene {#benzene_and_derivatives_of_benzene}
Benzene derivatives have from one to six substituents attached to the central benzene core. Examples of benzene compounds with just one substituent are phenol, which carries a hydroxyl group, and toluene with a methyl grou... | 298 | Aromatic compound | 1 |
1,313 | # Aromatic compound
## Non-benzylic arenes {#non_benzylic_arenes}
Although benzylic arenes are common, non-benzylic compounds are also exceedingly important. Any compound containing a cyclic portion that conforms to Hückel\'s rule and is not a benzene derivative can be considered a non-benzylic aromatic compound.
##... | 533 | Aromatic compound | 2 |
1,313 | # Aromatic compound
## Arene-arene interactions {#arene_arene_interactions}
Arene-arene interactions have attracted much attention. Pi-stacking (also called **π--π stacking**) refers to the presumptively attractive, noncovalent pi interactions between the pi bonds of aromatic rings, because of orbital overlap. Accord... | 1,255 | Aromatic compound | 3 |
1,316 | # Annales school
The ***Annales* school** (`{{IPA|fr|a'nal}}`{=mediawiki}) is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century to stress long-term social history. It is named after its scholarly journal *Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales*, which rema... | 778 | Annales school | 0 |
1,316 | # Annales school
## Origins
The *Annales* was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive *Annal... | 734 | Annales school | 1 |
1,316 | # Annales school
## Braudel
Fernand Braudel became the leader of the second generation after 1945. He obtained funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York and founded the 6th Section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, which was devoted to the study of history and the social sciences. It became an indepe... | 507 | Annales school | 2 |
1,316 | # Annales school
## Impact outside France {#impact_outside_france}
The *Annales* school systematically reached out to create an impact on other countries. Its success varied widely. The *Annales* approach was especially well received in Italy and Poland. Franciszek Bujak (1875--1953) and Jan Rutkowski (1886--1949), t... | 423 | Annales school | 3 |
1,316 | # Annales school
## Current
The current leader is Roger Chartier, who is Directeur d\'Études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris, Professeur in the Collège de France, and Annenberg Visiting professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania. He frequently lectures and teaches in the Unite... | 308 | Annales school | 4 |
1,322 | # Casa Batlló
***italic=no*** (`{{IPA|ca|ˈkazə βəˈʎːo|-|Ca-Casa Batlló.oga}}`{=mediawiki}) is a building in the center of Barcelona, Spain. It was designed by Antoni Gaudí, and is considered one of his masterpieces. A remodel of a previously built house, it was redesigned in 1904 by Gaudí (but the actual construction ... | 266 | Casa Batlló | 0 |
1,322 | # Casa Batlló
## History
### Initial construction (1877) {#initial_construction_1877}
The building that is now *italic=no* was built in 1877, commissioned by Lluís Sala Sánchez. It was a classical building without remarkable characteristics within the eclecticism traditional by the end of the 19th century. The build... | 600 | Casa Batlló | 1 |
1,322 | # Casa Batlló
## Design
### Overview
The local name for the building is *Casa dels ossos* (House of Bones), as it has a visceral, skeletal organic quality. The building looks very remarkable --- like everything Gaudí designed, only identifiable as Modernisme or Art Nouveau in the broadest sense. The ground floor, in... | 672 | Casa Batlló | 2 |
1,322 | # Casa Batlló
## Design
### Exterior façade {#exterior_façade}
The façade has three distinct sections which are harmoniously integrated. The lower ground floor with the main floor and two first-floor galleries are contained in a structure of Montjuïc sandstone with undulating lines. The central part, which reaches th... | 675 | Casa Batlló | 3 |
1,322 | # Casa Batlló
## Gallery
<File:CasaBatlló> NobleFloor saloon stainedglass.jpg\|Stained glass noblefloor of Casa Batlló <File:CasaBatlló> NobleFloor saloon side.jpg\|Noblefloor of Casa Batlló <File:CasaBatllo> rooftop chimneys dragon.jpg\|Chimneys of Casa Batlló <File:CasaBatllo> rooftop chimneys.jpg\|Rooftop of Casa ... | 216 | Casa Batlló | 4 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
**Casa Milà** (`{{IPA|ca|ˈkazə miˈla|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|es|ˈkasa miˈla|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), popularly known as *La Pedrera* (`{{IPA|ca|lə pəˈðɾeɾə|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|es|la peˈðɾeɾa|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; \"the stone quarry\") in reference to its unconventional rough-hewn appearance, is a *... | 1,114 | Casa Milà | 0 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Building history {#building_history}
### Restoration
Gaudí\'s work was designated a historic and artistic monument on July 24, 1969. Casa Milà was in poor condition in the early 1980s. It had been painted a dreary brown and many of its interior color schemes had been abandoned or allowed to deteriorate... | 173 | Casa Milà | 1 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Design
The building is 1,323 m^2^ per floor on a plot of 1,620 m^2^. Gaudí made the first sketches in his workshop in the Sagrada Família. He designed the house as a constant curve, both outside and inside, incorporating ruled geometry and naturalistic elements.
Casa Milà consists of two buildings, wh... | 390 | Casa Milà | 2 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Design
### Constructive and decorative items {#constructive_and_decorative_items}
#### Facade
The facade is composed of large blocks of limestone from the Garraf Massif on the first floor and from the Villefranche quarry for the higher levels. The blocks were cut to follow the plot of the projection o... | 1,197 | Casa Milà | 3 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Design
### Constructive and decorative items {#constructive_and_decorative_items}
#### Furniture
Gaudí, as he had done in Casa Batlló, designed furniture specifically for the main floor. This was part of the concept artwork itself integral to modernism in which the architect assumed responsibility for ... | 211 | Casa Milà | 4 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Architecture
*Casa Milà* is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site \"Works of Antoni Gaudí\". It was a predecessor of some buildings with a similar biomorphic appearance:
- the 1921 Einstein Tower in Potsdam, designed by Erich Mendelsohn
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan, New York, desig... | 311 | Casa Milà | 5 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Criticism and controversy {#criticism_and_controversy}
The building\'s unconventional style made it the subject of much criticism. It was given the nickname \"La Pedrera\", meaning \"the quarry\". Casa Milà appeared in many satirical magazines. Joan Junceda presented it as a traditional \"Easter cake\"... | 366 | Casa Milà | 6 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Criticism and controversy {#criticism_and_controversy}
### Design disagreements {#design_disagreements}
Gaudí\'s relations with Segimon deteriorated during the construction and decoration of the house. There were many disagreements between them, one example being the monumental bronze virgin del Rosari... | 398 | Casa Milà | 7 |
1,325 | # Casa Milà
## Gallery
<File:Milà> plano sótano.jpg\|Design in 1906 <File:Barcelona> Part Deux - 65 (3466899772).jpg\|Ironwork on the main gate <File:LaPedreraParabola.jpg>\|Catenary arches under the terrace of *Casa Milà* <File:Casa> mila atrium.jpg\|*Casa Milà* atrium at dusk, after restoration <File:Casa> Mila Roo... | 144 | Casa Milà | 8 |
1,327 | # Antiparticle
`{{antimatter}}`{=mediawiki} In particle physics, every type of particle of \"ordinary\" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an **antiparticle** with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron... | 452 | Antiparticle | 0 |
1,327 | # Antiparticle
## History
### Experiment
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber -- a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas. The e... | 718 | Antiparticle | 1 |
1,327 | # Antiparticle
## Composite antiparticles {#composite_antiparticles}
Class Subclass Name Symbol Spin Charge (*e*) Mass (MeV/*c*^2^) Mass (kg) Observed
------------ ------------ ------------- -------- ------ -------------- ------------------- --------------------------... | 448 | Antiparticle | 2 |
1,327 | # Antiparticle
## Quantum field theory {#quantum_field_theory}
: *This section draws upon the ideas, language and notation of canonical quantization of a quantum field theory.*
One may try to quantize an electron field without mixing the annihilation and creation operators by writing
$$\psi (x)=\sum_{k}u_k (x)a_k... | 523 | Antiparticle | 3 |
1,356 | # Ancylopoda
**Ancylopoda** is a group of browsing, herbivorous, mammals in the Perissodactyla that show long, curved and cleft claws. Morphological evidence indicates the Ancylopoda diverged from the tapirs, rhinoceroses and horses (Euperissodactyla) after the Brontotheria; however, earlier authorities such as Osborn... | 134 | Ancylopoda | 0 |
1,358 | # Anchor
An **anchor** is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin **ancora**, which itself comes from the Greek *italic=no* (*ankȳra*).
Anchors can either be temporary or permanent. P... | 908 | Anchor | 0 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Anchoring
### Bow and stern {#bow_and_stern}
(Not to be mistaken with the *Bahamian moor*, below.) In the *bow and stern* technique, an anchor is set off each the bow and the stern, which can severely limit a vessel\'s swing range and also align it to steady wind, current or wave conditions. One method of... | 996 | Anchor | 1 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## History
### Evolution of the anchor {#evolution_of_the_anchor}
thumb\|upright=2\|left\|Anchors come in a wide variety of shapes, types, and sizes for different conditions, functions and vessels.
The earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bron... | 874 | Anchor | 2 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Small boat anchors {#small_boat_anchors}
Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels. As new designs with greater holding-power-to-weight ratios were sought, a great variety of anchor designs have emerged. Many of these ... | 980 | Anchor | 3 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Small boat anchors {#small_boat_anchors}
### Bruce or claw anchor {#bruce_or_claw_anchor}
This claw-shaped anchor was designed by Peter Bruce from Scotland in the 1970s. Bruce gained his early reputation from the production of large-scale commercial anchors for ships and fixed installations such as oil ri... | 898 | Anchor | 4 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Permanent anchors {#permanent_anchors}
These are used where the vessel is permanently or semi-permanently sited, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but needs to be lifted only occasionally, ... | 724 | Anchor | 5 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Anchoring gear {#anchoring_gear}
The elements of anchoring gear include the anchor, the cable (also called a *rode*), the method of attaching the two together, the method of attaching the cable to the ship, charts, and a method of learning the depth of the water.
Vessels may carry a number of anchors: *b... | 760 | Anchor | 6 |
1,358 | # Anchor
## Anchoring gear {#anchoring_gear}
### Anchor rode {#anchor_rode}
#### Scope
Scope is the ratio of length of the rode to the depth of the water measured from the highest point (usually the anchor roller or bow chock) to the seabed, making allowance for the highest expected tide. When making this ratio large... | 765 | Anchor | 7 |
1,359 | # Anbar (town)
**Anbar** (*al-Anbār*, *Anbar*) was an ancient and medieval town in central Iraq. It played a role in the Roman--Persian Wars of the 3rd--4th centuries, and briefly became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate before the founding of Baghdad in 762. It remained a moderately prosperous town through the 10t... | 397 | Anbar (town) | 0 |
1,359 | # Anbar (town)
## History
### Islamic period {#islamic_period}
The city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate in July 633, after a fiercely fought siege. When Ali ibn Abi Talib (r. 656--661) passed through the city, he was warmly welcomed by ninety-thousand Jews who then lived there, and he \"received them with great friend... | 696 | Anbar (town) | 1 |
1,359 | # Anbar (town)
## Today
It is now entirely deserted, occupied only by mounds of ruins, whose great number indicate the city\'s former importance. Its ruins are 5 km northwest of Fallujah, with a circumference of some 6 km. The remains include traces of the late medieval wall, a square fortification, and the early Isl... | 56 | Anbar (town) | 2 |
1,360 | # Anazarbus
**Anazarbus**, also known as **Justinopolis**(*Ἀναζαρβός / Ίουστινούπολις*, medieval **Ain Zarba**; modern **Anavarza**; *عَيْنُ زَرْبَة*), was an ancient Cilician city. Under the late Roman Empire, it was the capital of Cilicia Secunda. Roman emperor Justinian I rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong eart... | 689 | Anazarbus | 0 |
1,360 | # Anazarbus
## Remains
The Crusaders are probably responsible for the construction of an impressive donjon atop the center of the outcrop. Most of the remaining fortifications, including the curtain walls, massive horseshoe-shaped towers, undercrofts, cisterns, and free-standing structures date from the Armenian peri... | 376 | Anazarbus | 1 |
1,360 | # Anazarbus
## Ecclesiastical history {#ecclesiastical_history}
Anazarbus was the capital and so also from 553 (the date of the Second Council of Constantinople) the metropolitan see of the Late Roman province of Cilicia Secunda.
In the 4th century, one of the bishops of Anazarbus was Athanasius, a \"consistent expo... | 494 | Anazarbus | 2 |
1,362 | # Anadyr (river)
The **Anadyr** (*Ана́дырь*; Yukaghir: Онандырь; *Йъаайваам*) is a river in the far northeast of Siberia which flows into the Gulf of Anadyr of the Bering Sea and drains much of the interior of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Its basin corresponds to the Anadyrsky District of Chukotka.
## Geography
The An... | 584 | Anadyr (river) | 0 |
1,374 | # Alphorn
The **alphorn** (*\'\'\'Alphorn\'\'\', \'\'\'Alpenhorn\'\'\'*; *\'\'\'cor des Alpes\'\'\'*; *\'\'\'corno alpino\'\'\'*) is a traditional lip-reed wind instrument. It consists of a very long straight wooden natural horn, with a length of 3 to, a conical bore and a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. Traditionally t... | 382 | Alphorn | 0 |
1,374 | # Alphorn
## Construction and qualities {#construction_and_qualities}
The alphorn is carved from solid softwood, usually pine or spruce. Traditionally, the alphorn maker would find a tree growing on a slope and bent at the base providing the curved shape for the bell. The long trunk would be cut in half longways, the... | 383 | Alphorn | 1 |
1,374 | # Alphorn
## Repertoire
Among music composed for the alphorn:
- Concerto Grosso No. 1 (2013) for four alphorns and orchestra by Georg Friedrich Haas
- *Sinfonia pastorale* for corno pastoriccio in G (alphorn) and string orchestra (1755) by Leopold Mozart
- Concerto for alphorn and orchestra (1970) by Jean Daet... | 338 | Alphorn | 2 |
1,380 | # Alligatoridae
The family **Alligatoridae** of crocodylians includes alligators, caimans and their extinct relatives.
## Phylogeny
The superfamily Alligatoroidea includes all crocodilians (fossil and extant) that are more closely related to the American alligator than to either the Nile crocodile or the gharial. Th... | 706 | Alligatoridae | 0 |
1,380 | # Alligatoridae
## True alligators {#true_alligators}
The lineage including alligators proper (Alligatorinae) occurs in the fluvial deposits of the age of the Upper Chalk in Europe, where they died out in the Pliocene age. The true alligators are today represented by two species, *A. mississippiensis* in the southeas... | 321 | Alligatoridae | 1 |
1,383 | # Alder
**Alders** are trees of the genus ***Alnus*** in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus includes about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern ... | 923 | Alder | 0 |
1,383 | # Alder
## Phylogeny
### Etymology
The common name *alder* evolved from the Old English word *alor*, which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root *aliso*. The generic name *Alnus* is the equivalent Latin name, from whence French *aulne* and Spanish *Alamo* (Spanish term for \"poplar\").
| 46 | Alder | 1 |
1,383 | # Alder
## Ecology
Alders are commonly found near streams, rivers, and wetlands. Sometimes where the prevalence of alders is particularly prominent these are called alder carrs. In the Pacific Northwest of North America, the white alder (*Alnus rhombifolia*) unlike other northwest alders, has an affinity for warm, dr... | 526 | Alder | 2 |
1,383 | # Alder
## Uses
The catkins of some alder species have a degree of edibility, and may be rich in protein. Reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are more useful for survival purposes. The wood of certain alder species is often used to smoke various food items such as coffee, salmon, and other seafood.
... | 407 | Alder | 3 |
1,386 | # Arachnophobia
**Arachnophobia** is the fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions and ticks. The word \"arachnophobia\" comes from the Greek words arachne and phobia.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbour spiders ... | 888 | Arachnophobia | 0 |
1,386 | # Arachnophobia
## Epidemiology
Arachnophobia affects 3.5 to 6.1 percent of the global population.
Even though most spiders are small and not venomous, they still trigger intense fear in many people, making arachnophobia one of the most widespread anxiety disorders. It is strongly linked to sociodemographic factors ... | 71 | Arachnophobia | 1 |
1,387 | # Alabaster
**Alabaster** is a mineral and a soft rock used for carvings and as a source of plaster powder. Archaeologists, geologists, and the stone industry have different definitions for the word *alabaster*. In archaeology, the term *alabaster* includes objects and artefacts made from two different minerals: (i) t... | 813 | Alabaster | 0 |
1,387 | # Alabaster
## Types, occurrence, history {#types_occurrence_history}
Typically only one type is sculpted in any particular cultural environment, but sometimes both have been worked to make similar pieces in the same place and time. This was the case with small flasks of the alabastron type made in Cyprus from the Br... | 506 | Alabaster | 1 |
1,387 | # Alabaster
## Types, occurrence, history {#types_occurrence_history}
### Gypsum alabaster {#gypsum_alabaster}
Gypsum alabaster is softer than calcite alabaster. It was used primarily in medieval Europe, and is also used in modern times.
#### Ancient and Classical Near East {#ancient_and_classical_near_east}
thumb\... | 1,232 | Alabaster | 2 |
1,387 | # Alabaster
## Types, occurrence, history {#types_occurrence_history}
### Gypsum alabaster {#gypsum_alabaster}
#### Black alabaster {#black_alabaster}
*Black alabaster* is a rare anhydrite form of the gypsum-based mineral. The black form is found in only three veins in the world, one each in United States, Italy, and... | 266 | Alabaster | 3 |
1,389 | # Ahab
**Ahab** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|h|æ|b}}`{=mediawiki}; *ʾAḥʾāḇ*; *Aḫâbbu*; *Akhaáb*; *Achab*) was a king of the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), the son and successor of King Omri, and the husband of Jezebel of Sidon, according to the Hebrew Bible. He is depicted in the Bible as a Baal worshipper and is criticized for cau... | 879 | Ahab | 0 |
1,389 | # Ahab
## In Rabbinic literature {#in_rabbinic_literature}
Ahab was one of the three or four wicked kings of Israel singled out by tradition as being excluded from the future world of bliss (Sanh. x. 2; Tosef., Sanh. xii. 11). Midrash Konen places him in the fifth department of Gehenna, as having the heathen under hi... | 521 | Ahab | 1 |
1,392 | # Dasyproctidae
**Dasyproctidae** is a family of large South American rodents, comprising the agoutis and acouchis. Their fur is a reddish or dark colour above, with a paler underside. They are herbivorous, often feeding on ripe fruit that falls from trees. They live in burrows, and, like squirrels, will bury some of ... | 247 | Dasyproctidae | 0 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
\"**Amazing Grace**\" is a Christian hymn written in 1772 and published in 1779 by English Anglican clergyman and poet John Newton (1725--1807). It is possibly the most sung and most recorded hymn in the world, and especially popular in the United States, where it is used for both religious and secular... | 460 | Amazing Grace | 0 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## John Newton\'s conversion {#john_newtons_conversion}
According to the *Dictionary of American Hymnology*, \"Amazing Grace\" is John Newton\'s spiritual autobiography in verse.
In 1725, Newton was born in Wapping, a district in London near the Thames. His father was a shipping merchant who was brou... | 924 | Amazing Grace | 1 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## Olney curate {#olney_curate}
Working as a customs agent in Liverpool starting in 1756, Newton began to teach himself Latin, Greek, and theology. He and Polly immersed themselves in the church community, and Newton\'s passion was so impressive that his friends suggested he become a priest in the Chu... | 562 | Amazing Grace | 2 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## Olney curate {#olney_curate}
### Critical analysis {#critical_analysis}
The general impact of *Olney Hymns* was immediate and it became a widely popular tool for evangelicals in Britain for many years. Scholars appreciated Cowper\'s poetry somewhat more than Newton\'s plaintive and plain language, ... | 829 | Amazing Grace | 3 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## Dissemination
More than 60 of Newton and Cowper\'s hymns were republished in other British hymnals and magazines, but \"Amazing Grace\" was not, appearing only once in a 1780 hymnal sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon. Scholar John Julian commented in his 1892 *A Dictionary of Hymnology* that o... | 518 | Amazing Grace | 4 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## Dissemination
### \"New Britain\" tune {#new_britain_tune}
When originally used in Olney, it is unknown what music, if any, accompanied the verses written by John Newton. Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry. The first known instance of Newton... | 976 | Amazing Grace | 5 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## Recorded versions {#recorded_versions}
With the advent of recorded music and radio, \"Amazing Grace\" began to cross over from primarily a gospel standard to secular audiences. The ability to record combined with the marketing of records to specific audiences allowed \"Amazing Grace\" to take on th... | 1,183 | Amazing Grace | 6 |
1,395 | # Amazing Grace
## In American popular culture {#in_american_popular_culture}
\"Amazing Grace\" is an icon in American culture that has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns. It is referenced in the 2006 film *Amazing Grace*, which highlights Newton\'s influence on the leading British ab... | 1,144 | Amazing Grace | 7 |
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